JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR, TUESDAY, APRIL 24TH, 1900 by Helen Grace

2020: DAY 31

SMH, p3

BUBONIC PLAGUE

SEVERAL CASES YESTERDAY

DR THOMPSON ON THE SITUATION

- “The cleaning up of the city does not stop the plague, and there is no country in the world where mere cleaning up has ever done so. The chief thing to be done is to kill all the rats. We may clean up as much as we like, the rats carry the disease about from one place to another-one house to another, one district to another-and we must kill them."

AN APPEAL TO WOMEN
- Instructions from Ladies’ Section of the Woollahra Sanitary Committee: – “Women of New South Wales, – Help the authorities to conquer the plague. Remember that the dustboxes and all household refuse are in your charge. Remember that evil-smelling dustboxes make evil-smelling carts and evil-smelling tips, encouraging rats and plague germs. 1st : Burn in your kitchen fires daily all animal and vegetable refuse, such as parings of fruits and vegetables, scraps left on plates. Put them in the stove when your cooking is finished. There will be no bad smell, and they will keep your fire alight. 2nd: Cut up small all ends of mutton chops, pieces of suet, or fat, and boil them in a saucepan of water till all the water has evaporated. Strain this fat: you can use it instead of butter in cooking. 3rd: Boil down all bones (except those left on plates) and when the water is cold take off the fat. Add vegetables, rice, lentils &c., and this will make a good soup. … Pour off all melted fat into a kerosene tin, and get a man to call from the soap works and exchange it for soap. 4th: If you have fowls keep all scraps for them in a covered tin … 5th: Keep your dustbox free from bad smells … let it contain only clean ashes. 6th: In trains, trams and omnibuses, and in your own homes, open windows, pull up blinds; air and sunshine will protect you from plague germs….”

OTHER COLONIES

CAPTURE OF A RAT IN BRISBANE
 FULL OF PLAGUE BACILLI


PLAGUE ON OPORTO - more very detailed medical material


REMOVAL OF PLAGUE PATIENTS
- letter to ed questioning safety of removing patients to Quarantine Station -> injurious to their health.

Rear, 383-385 Kent St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

Rear, 383-385 Kent St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR, MONDAY, APRIL 23RD, 1900 by Helen Grace

2020: DAY 30

SMH (p8)

THE IMPERIAL BUSHMEN’S CONTINGENT (p7)
EMBARKATION TODAY
ON BOARD THE TRANSPORT ARMENIAN
ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEPARTURE
VISTIORS INUNDATE CAMP
– departure of Imperial Bushmen's Contingent for South Africa - patriotic editorial


FEDERATION (p8)
THE CONFERENCE OF PREMIERS
THE PROPOSED AMENDMENTS
PRIVY COUNCIL APPEAL
PROTEST FROM THE COLONIES
RESPONSIBILITY THROWN UPON THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT
AMENDMENT RATHER THAN DELAY

BUBONIC PLAGUE
 (p8)
CASES AND DEATHS FOR 2 DAYS

- total cases to date – 129 cases, 46 deaths
A QUARANTINED AREA COMPLETED

 – In one of the quarantined areas of the city proclaimed on Friday night work was carried on yesterday in order that the cleaning up might be completed in the shortest possible time. The area is bounded by Liverpool-street, Sussex-street, Dixon-street, and Harbour-street, the Darling Harbour railway line, and hence to the water frontage at Moriarty's wharf. Within it are many large business premises, and great public inconvenience, to say nothing of the inconvenience to the business men themselves, would be caused by prolonging the quarantine even for a single day, therefore Sunday was utilised. Generally speaking the premises were in very fair condition, though one or two were found which badly needed attention ; but the full strength of the quarantine gangs was utilised, and everything was done and the men withdrawn between 2 and 3 o'clock in the afternoon. This area will now be released from quarantine

THE QUARANTINED WHARFS

COMPLAINTS BY ERSKINE ST RESIDENTS
-
area b/w Erskine St & Adelaide Wharf


CHINESE DWELLINGS AT BOTANY
- "special attention" given to inspecting premises. While they were considered to be clean internally, the structures were unfit for human habitation.


110 Sussex St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

110 Sussex St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR, SUNDAY APRIL 22ND, 1900 by Helen Grace

2020: DAY 29

WEEKLY REPORT
APR 15TH – 21st

Register of Letters to the Colonial Secretary
April 17th: Letter from Dr Deeph Sing (sic), offering services re plague outbreak (it takes 10 days before this letter is referred to C.M.O); H.J. Dunlop writes re employment during plague outbreak (Ref. to Treasury 18/4); Wong Kwang writes seeking monetary assistance on account of being quarantined (No action taken...). Numerous letters from medical superintendents, different hospitals re admission of patients.

April 18th: Otto Kong Sing (sic) writes re formation of a company of Infantry among the Chinese;

April 19th the Attorney-General writes re Mr Harry and his treatment as a cook at theCoast Hospital; Lands Department writes requesting papers relating to application of F. Mitchell to reclaim land at Darling Harbour; Chief Clerk, Woollahra writes re Capitation fee on rats; C.M.O. advises on Promotions at Coast Hospital and Provision of funds for purchase of scientific equipment.

April 20th Works Department advises Tender accepted for certain public works; J. Curtin writes Re dilapidated condition of Police Building in Hunter St.;

April 21st: C.M.O.     writes Re Coast Hospital, appointment of nurses and inspection of accounts at Coast Hospital.

Extracts from the Minutes of the Board of Health

April 17: Meeting of the Plague Conference (exclusive group of doctors who spent their Sundays inspecting Quarantine Station etc. – City Hotel King & Kent Sts. - alleged unsatisfactory treatment. Inspector of Nuisances wrote to City Council (to Town Clerk) complaining that place was still filthy after it was certified clean by Board of Health – Case of Guitano Dallardi - Italian of uncertain address who contracted plague. Question of whether provision should be made to better notify Italian community of danger. Not thought necessary.

April 19 – Treatment of City Hotel: President visits place and says that Inspector of Nuisance's report is incorrect. Admits though, that hotel not up to scratch and should be reconsidered when it comes to license renewals. – Plague bacillus in fleas. –  Thanks from Messrs Sheppard, Harvey & Walker, - thanking Board for cleansing their premises. – Condemnation of premises in Wexford St. – Condition of certain Govt. properties (considered unsatisfactory) –  Disinfection of Letters from Quarantine - letters from Quarantine Station disinfected before despatch.

Register of Deaths

Between April 15th and April 21st, there are 6 deaths from Bubonic Plague: all men – 7 fewer than the previous week.

Illegally-covered laneway, beside 72 Sussex St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

Illegally-covered laneway, beside 72 Sussex St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR, SATURDAY, APRIL 21ST, 1900 by Helen Grace

2020: DAY 28

SMH, p10

[Note: it is the weekend after Easter, the Bubonic Plague cases have fallen and reporting in the SMH has slipped back to page 10 & instead of whole columns, it is only a few column inches.]

BUBONIC PLAGUE

CASES YESTERDAY

NEW QUARANTINED AREAS PROCLAIMED
- 243 rats cremated


PUBLIC MEETING OF CITIZENS

A VIGILANCE COMMITTEE FORMED

SPEECHES BY MESSRS
WISE AND REID
- several hundred attended
- new Building Act called for.
- committee's function "to urge reforms"

’The Chairman announced the object of the meeting and said that experience had taught that wherever the plague had manifested itself it had been found very difficult to eradicate, and had also played great havoc with human life. They were also aware that the only way to cops with it efficiently was not to rely alone on the authorities, but to invoke the assistance and co-operation of individual citizens. (Hear, hear.) The meeting was not of a political character*; it was called to enlist the co-operation of everyone. No particular person could be blamed for the occurrence of the plague ; it had come from over-sea, and had occurred in India, in Hongkong, in New Caledonia, in South Africa, and in many other places in the world….

J.S. Brunton: ‘They had now an opportunity of demolishing unhealthy tenements and insanitary localities, and he hoped and trusted that this would be done, and that once and for all they would provide for the reclamation .of the foreshores of Sydney Harbour. (Cheers.) The outbreak of plague had had the effect of strangling the trade of Sydney ; trade in fact had been diverted to the other colonies, because Sydney was declared to be an infected port ; and they could not blame the people of other places for seeking to protect themselves against the introduction of such a disease as was now in ounr midst, (Hear, hear.)

{*Not strictly true: the majority of the eminent men attending were associated with the Free Trade Party]

MEETING OF RESIDENTS AT ASHFIELD


PADDINGTON VIGILANCE COMMITTEE

Huddart Parker’s Wharf, Sydney 1900 - Source: State Library of nSW

Huddart Parker’s Wharf, Sydney 1900 - Source: State Library of nSW

JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR, FRIDAY APRIL 20TH, 1900 by Helen Grace

2020: DAY 27

SMH, p3

BUBONIC PLAGUE

A CLEAN SHEET

PROGRESS OF THE CLEANSING OPERATIONS


- no new case for day. 
Ashburton-Thompson (Chief MO) commenting on relatively low mortality rate in Sydney -> due to Dr Salter's efforts in attending patients - "literally stood over them administering stimulants to keep up the heart's actions" Strychnine was the most used "stimulant"
- inoculations not being carried out because of lack of supplies. Haffkine's from Colombo to arrive 1st week of May. Then Yersin's from France and Italy.
- Dr Tidswell's discoveries of plague bacillus in the stomachs of fleas taken from rats.
- 200 rats disposed of (HG: These daily totals are vastly different from numbers mentioned earlier.) 
- municipal authorities from Alexandria say that a case was wrongly reported to have come from there, when it really came from an adjoining suburb. (probably a Botany case - Chinese)


SEWERAGE EMPTYING INTO DARLING HARBOUR

THE BELMORE PARK AREA

COMPLAINTS OF RESIDENTS
-
houses made uninhabitable by cleansing gangs, or pulled down without notice, rendering people homeless.


WOOLLAHRA SANITARY AFFAIRS

INSPECTION BY DR ARMSTRONG

THE PADDINGTON TIP

INSPECTION BY THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE


PROTECTIONIST CONFERENCE. - it could be argued that free trade had given us Bubonic Plague (Laughter)

Illawarra Wharf, King St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

Illawarra Wharf, King St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR, THURSDAY APRIL 19TH, 1900 by Helen Grace

2020: DAY 26

SMH p5

INTERCOLONIAL PROTECTIONIST CONFERENCE.
 p3
THE OPENING MEETING

PROTECTION AND FEDERATION

THE COLOURED LABOUR QUESTION

- speech by EW O'Sullivan apologized for Premier who was president of NSW National Protectionist Union - in Melb for Premier's Conf. 
- risk from cheap Asiatic labour.
- .
‘At Tattersall’s chambers. which for several years has been regarded us the abiding-place of the protectionists of this city, and perhaps of the colony, there occurred yesterday a function as novel as it was important. It was the first conference of delegates from the various protectionist associations and unions in the different colonies yet held on the Australian continent… The Hon. E.W. O’Sullivan (Minister for Public Works) … could see no hope for a new country, especially if it were situated as Australia was, unless it was under the banner of protection. (Cheers) He was quite willing to admit that there was force and depth in the arguments advanced by freetraders from an abstract point of view, and if all the world were on the same plane – if there were in existence the same rates of wages as were paid, say, in China or India, and there was no outside competition. But in the existing conditions the freetraders’ views were simply idle dreams that never could be realised. (Hear, hear.) … Naturally they were all delighted at the prospect of obtaining federation, and with it the higher grounds of Australian nationality, and they were also pleased because it gave them at all events a fair chance of getting a tariff which would protect them against the cheap and coloured labour of other parts of the world. (Hear, hear .) In Queensland black labour was employed in connection with the sugar industry, and the system was not abolished because wealth and vested interests were in favour of it; but when federation would be consummated … he looked forward to the time when they would get a federal tariff, which would mean the enabling of the white men of Australia to compete with the outer world. (Applause) 

Q'land rep. thought Australia a white man's country, but the sugar industry was not yet ready to do away with coloured labour.


BUBONIC PLAGUE
 p5
CASES REPORTED YESTERDAY

PROGRESS OF QUARANTINE AREA WORK …
Ret-catching and destruction are proceeding slowly … For the information of those who desire to make money by rat-catching, it may be mentioned that it is recommended that the bodies be placed in covered cans, so that there may be no need to actually handle them…. Use tongs and drop them into cans filled with disinfectant…

One of the patients at the quarantine hospital was reported yesterday as very ill and another, though not said to be in a bad state, was reported not to be as well us on the previous day In two or three cases there was no change, and all the rest the patients were improving. _


DISCUSSIONS IN THE CITY COUNCIL
SUGGESTION TO QUARANTINE OTHER AREAS
DESTRUCTION OF RATS


HEALTH OF BALMAIN

GARBAGE BOXES FOR BURWOOD

ACTION AT ASHFIELD.
Town Hall wasn't connected to sewer. Decision to expedite this in view of pressure being put on property owners to connect.
The Plague in Capetown - smallpox 

281-5 Kent St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

281-5 Kent St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR, WEDNESDAY APRIL 18TH, 1900 by Helen Grace

2020: DAY 25

SMH, p8

FEDERATION (p5)
COMMONWEALTH BILL BEFORE THE IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT.
ARRIVAL OF THE DELEGATES IN LONDON.
CORDIAL RECEPTION.
CONFERENCES AT THE COLONIAL OFFICE,
HOPEFUL PROSPECTS OF THE MEASURE.
(FROM OUR SFECIAL CORRESPONDENT), LONDON, March 16).
The week – almost the day – which witnessed the hoisting of the British flag over Bloemfontein and the consequent inauguration of a new era for the British race in South Africa, also beheld the arrival in London of the Australian delegates who have come here to watch over the passing or the Commonwealth Bill, which is intended to initiate an equally new era for the British race under the Southern Cross.  At the same time it must be said that the all-absorbing interest attaching here to the war in South Africa has tended somewhat to force into the background the interest which would otherwise have been taken in the epoch-marking Australian measure which is about to occupy the sympathetic attention of the Imperial Parliament. It is an old, old truth –"silent leges inter arma"*– and the popular imagination is always more fascinated by deeds of arms than by acts of intellect, or, in other words, war has far more attraction for the masses and even for the classes, than the peaceful issue of politics. Besides, the Australian delegates have arrived among us without any preliminary blasts of advertising trumpets, and it is only since they have had one or two conferences at the Colonial Oflice with Mr Chamberlain and other officers of the Crown that the public at large have begun to realise the momentousness of the question with which their mission is connected.  Moreover, popular interest in the question has not only been diminished but positively discounted by the results of the war. It is, of course, realised here in England that the federation of Australia is but a link in the chain of events that ought to lead to the federation of the whole British Empire.  But at the same time it is felt that this Empire has, practically, been federated already by the blood of colonial and home-bred Britons which has been commingled in the common cause of the Queen's flag on several battlefields of South Africa, not to speak of the battlefields of the Soudan, where the New South Wales Contingent of volunteers may be said to have inaugurated the true era of Imperial unity.  “It is not,” said Bismarck a few days after his accession to power, “ It is not by speechifying and majorities that the great questions of the time will have to be decided, but by blood and iron." …

[*silent leges inter arma" or Silent enim leges inter arma – “In times of war, law falls silent.” - attributed to Marcus Tullius Cicero (Pro Milone, 52 BC)]

BUBONIC PLAGUE
 (p8)
DIMINUTION OF CASES

PROGRESS OF RAT-KILLING OPERATIONS

RELEASE OF THE QUARANTINED AREA

- Belmore Park released
- Chairman of Board of Advice responded that wharf areas were still under quarantine because of amount of rubble held there. Decision to be made at end of week when Premier returns from Melb.


THE RAILWAYS - a carriage used to convey a patient from Goulburn. To be reserved for any further cases & when finished with, to be destroyed.


TO THE EDITOR – suggestion that oil be used to protect because oil & water-sellers in Cairo seem to be exempt from attack because they're "more or less oily" (water sellers wore oilskins)


EFFECTS OF COOL WEATHER
Captain W. E. Clarke, of Hongkong and Macao, who ia at present staying in Watson's Bay, informs us that it was found in South China that as soon as the cool weather set in the plague disappeared.

John's Cottage off Margaret St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

John's Cottage off Margaret St, Sydney, 1900 - Source: State Library of NSW

JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR, TUESDAY APRIL 17TH, 1900 by Helen Grace

2020: DAY 24

SMH p2

BUBONIC PLAGUE
 (p3)
YESTERDAY'S CASES

WORK IN QUARANTINED AREAS

RATCATCHING OPERATIONS
- letter asking why Erskine St area still blocke doff.


LIFE HISTORY OF THE PLAGUE BACILLUS

EFFECTS OF CULTURE ON FORM
-
detailed info on microbiology of disease. (Who could read it?)
- another letter from Woolllahra Mayor abt "so-called sanitary committee"


FEDERATION - 2 AMENDMENTS TO C'WEALTH BILL

POSiITION OF WA


THE PUBLIC HEALTH: A SUGGESTION (letter to ed from A. Watson-Munro MD - suggesting formation of a society for prevention of disease -> quotes "the poet" - "Sweet are the uses of adversity/Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous/Wears yet a precious jewel in his head"


THE SIEGE OF WEXFORD ST
- (p7 - following reports of the Boer War :

"Splash–whack ! " went the bombardment of a succession of queer little shells against the walls of the houses in the quarter. As they flattened themselves out they showed that they were of that grim kind known as Government Proclamations, a species of missile that it is difficult to reply to. Opening hostilities by this formidable discharge, the enemy quickly brought up reinforcements in the shape of cartloads of timber.

" Bang, bang," went the clatter of a hundred hammers as barricades upreared their mushroom front. Minions of the law in swift and stealthy fashion took up their positions at various points of exit, and lo, and behold, the kingdom of Wexford was entrapped – the siege had begun.

So sudden had been the attack that many inhabitants were taken unawares, and for a little while failed to properly grasp the change that had come about. A few minutes before they had roamed peacefully through their circumscribed domain free and independent citizens, and now, in the twinkling of an eye, they were walled in and presented as exhibits to the wondering gaze of the gathering crowd without. '

" Me want to get out,'' said a, meek almond eyed Chinaman with a bland smile to a stalwart policeman who barred the street end.

" You must stay where you are," the officer answered gravely but firmly. Some young Europeans approached and in more emphatic language, as members of a superior race, declared their intention of forcing a passage, but threats and cajoleries were alike of no avail. The motto that seemed to sum up the position of both parties was – " j'y suis, j'y reste."

When the exact state of affairs was recognised those within the enclosed area philosophically accepted their lot, and indeed seemed rather to enjoy the novelty of the situation. An amused smile spread over their countenances. They took up positions on the pavement and on doorsteps, and with lofty mien surveyed the outside world with quite a new interest. It is surprising how a throw of the dice of circumstance lends a fresh significance to the most ordinary men and women and their surroundings. Passers-by in the street carne up to the barriers and stood rooted in fascination, gazing at their fellows inside us though they were fantastic objects belonging to some strange race. The houses, too, they regarded with gaze of awe, as though fully convinced that they were haunts of secret terror. As far us lightness of heart went the besieged had an easy superiority over the spectators without. …

Wexford-street and its neighbourhood form a great Chinese stronghold, and there was some interest in seeing how this race took to the quarantine yoke. It is said, with what truth I cannot declare, that the Chinese in this instance ably maintained their reputation for subtlety by being forewarned of the coming catastrophe, and leaving early in some numbers for the homes of their compatriots near at hand. Whether this was the case or not, a fair proportion were to be seen behind the barriers, imperturbable as is their wont, and bearing their characteristic enigmatic smile. One of their number furnished an exciting episode in the early history of the siege. Desiring his liberty, and spurning the terrors of the law, he leapt the barricade and made a dash for freedom, An officer was quickly after him, but he was not fleet-footed enough for the wily celestial, who made his safe escape.

The police on duty were allowed to smoke, and it gave quite a festive air to the proceedings to see these custodians of law and order complacently puffing away at their pipes us they walked up and down the length of street allotted to them. The soothing influence of the tobacco seemed to impart a gracious air to their disposition and to incline them to be communicative with those on both sides of the barrier. They listened sympathetically to stories of hardship entailed in certain cases by the enforced retirement from the world, and pleasantly accepted the badinage of some of their prisoners. …

… People from quarantined houses abutting on the street came out of their dwellings and promenaded up and down the pavement, while their friends advanced right up to the gutter to talk with them. Handshakes were interchanged, and those in the street executed many little commissions for the imprisoned ones. Newspapers were brought to them, and sundry delicacies such as tea and fruit wore also passed across. With this exchange of courtesies going on, and the proximity it entailed between those within and those without the infected area, the quarantine that was imposed seemed somewhat of an anomaly. Except for the purpose of disinfecting and cleansing, the segregation of the area marked off was of little avail. For all practical purposes, those shut in might just us well have been allowed their full liberty, for their contact with the outside world was almost uninterrupted The moral effect, however, of the quarantine in impressing on all the gravity of attending to sanitary arrangements was probably not inconsiderable…

… What must the quaint, old-world, squat little mansions of this aristocratic quarter have thought of the rude awakening of their prehistoric sloth ! The fumes of opium and many other less definable odours some of them had learned to grow accustomed to and to rather relish, as well as the weird din of a Chinese orchestra and gabble of an excited crowd round the fan-tan table. But they shuddered at the harsh surprise of a copious hosing of water. At the first whiffs of disinfectant stuffs they gasped, and were fairly stifled when the crude pervading odours crept into every nook and cranny and worked their way into their very joints. It was an experience never to be forgotten by them. When to these inflictions there was added the further barbarity of partial demolition, and they felt their members being ruthlessly torn one from another, the cup of grief was full to the brim, and brick and rafter sighed out in mute appeal to the cruel executioners. Strange, penetrating blasts of air, and the inquisitive peeping of sickening rays of sunlight knocked them into a comatose state.

For many a long year to come gable will whisper to gable, and alley to alley, in the stillness of the night, of the terrible persecutions of that never-to-be-forgotten time.

 

50 Wexford St, Rear - Chinese bedroom - Source: State Library of NSW

50 Wexford St, Rear - Chinese bedroom - Source: State Library of NSW